Diomedes in Agamemnon :: essays research papers

Since Agamemnon wouldn't restore the little girl of a cleric of Apollo, Agamemnon consents to discharge Helen just if Achilles gives him his prize of respect. This is when Achilles thought that it was uncalled for and pulls back from the fight including every one of his troopers. Achilles at that point requests that the divine beings award him retribution. Agamemnon the had assaulted in light of the fact that a fantasy had urged him to. Paris escapes the fight with the assistance of a godlikeness and Menelaus seethes on with his sibling requesting the arrival of Helen. As the fight proceeds, Diomedes makes a gallant stand and kills numerous Trojans, bringing his Time', Kudos and Arete' up high. The term Time implies the notoriety among the sovereign/divine beings, Kudos is brilliance and Arete' greatness importance, accomplishing beyond what a man can do. Everything began when Pamdaros had shot a bolt through Diomedes' shoulder, however Diomedes advises Sthenelos to pull out the bolt and he did. After this occurred, Diomedes had petitioned thena approaching her for help, here is the place Diomedes is getting Kudos. Athena had chosen to help Diomede simply like she helped his dad and she additionally recuperates him. Presently in addition to the fact that she healed him she enabled Diomedes to see divine beings while he was in the fight just on the off chance that he battles no other god yet Aphrodite. Diomedes recieves Kudos when Aineias reveals to Pandaros that Diomedes might be a divine being. When Diomedes rejects Sthenelos exhortation to withdraw, so all things considered he stands, he gets more Kudos. Diomedes now includes Time with the divine beings when he tossed a pear at Pandarus with Athena’s help and kills him, when Aineias drops by to support his companion, Diomedes gets a huge stone and kills him by crushing the huge stone on Aineias hip. Additional Time was included when he followed Aphrodite and afterward injured her on her wrist and afterward yelled out to her "Away from the fight, you little girl of Zeus! Isn’t it enough that you dumbfound powerless ladies? Be that as it may, is you will visit the combat zone, I think after this is a fight will cause shudder on the off chance that you to hear just echoes in the distance!" After this, Aphrodite educates Ares concerning Diomedes as she approached him for his ponies to return home.

John Bardeen Essays - Nobel Laureates In Physics, John Bardeen

John Bardeen Bardeen, John 1908-91, American physicist; b. Madison, Wis. He was known for his investigations of semiconductivity and different parts of SOLID-STATE PHYSICS. The first to win a Nobel Prize twice in a similar field, Bardeen shared the 1956 material science prize with Walter Brattain and William Shockley, for work in building up the TRANSISTOR, and the 1972 material science prize with Leon Cooper and John Schreiffer, for their hypothesis of SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. Bardeen, John (1908-1991), American physicist conceived in Madison, Wisconsin. Working at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, Bardeen was an individual from the group that built up the transistor. For this work, he shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in material science with American physicists William Shockley and Walter H. Brattain. In 1972 he shared the Nobel Prize in material science with American physicists Leon N. Cooper and John R. Schrieffer for the advancement of a hypothesis to clarify superconductivity. He was the main researcher to win two Nobel Prizes in a similar class.

The Rumba Dance Essay examples -- Afro-Cuban, Cuba

The rumba is a move that bolts its picture on the psyche. Holding a lot of history, it has been and is a move of resistances: love and detest, threatening vibe and amicability, sexiness and reasonability. Musically, it takes advantage of the domains of detail and extemporization. The move and music is a wonder, leaving a vigorous preference for its path with the goal that a characteristic propensity towards it never blurs. The roots of the rumba originate from Africa. The means and tune of conventional rumba may have started as recollected bits of move from the Ganga or Kisi individuals in Cuba, summed up gatherings of West Central African drop. Some possibility that the Sara people groups of northern Nigeria are the originators of rumba, a comparative move is of lines of young men before lines of young ladies, moving toward each other in development and afterward isolating. In present-day Zaire, a conventional BaKongo move called vane samba appears to legitimately connection to rumba’s forebears. A trademark feature happens when the assortments of a moving pair meet, or practically meet at the navel. This development reflects the rumba’s vacunao, a conspicuous element in certain types of rumba. The name rumba potentially gets from the Spanish language, the word rumbo means course, rumba means store heap, and rum is obviously the alcohol well known in the Caribbean. Any of these words may have been utilized spellbindingly when the move was being shaped. The name has frequently been professed to be gotten from the Spanish word for merry go round, or celebration. Rumba created during the 1850s and 1860s among free dark slaves assembled to communicate their battles with each other. Following the cancelation of bondage in Cuba in 1886, poor Cubans managed a general public despite everything stressing shading and class, by... ...national move. As a local Afro-Cuban basically, â€Å"This will never kick the bucket. Nothing can stop it† (Farr 80). Works Cited Pã ©rez Jr., Louis A. On Becoming Cuban. Church Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Daniel, Yvonne. Rumba: Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Farr, Jory. Ceremonies of Rhythm. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003. Shepherd, Verene An., and Hilary McD. Beckles., ed Caribbean bondage in the Atlantic world. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, Oxford: James Currey, Princeton, NJ: M. Weiner, 2000. Moore, Robin Dale. Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920-1935. Diss. U of Texas at Austin, 1995. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1995. 9534899. Roy, Maya. Cuban Music. Trans. Denise Asfar and Gabriel Asfar. London: Latin America Bureau, 2002.

Dreamliner 787 Case free essay sample

Tara Lentini Week 3 Case Assignment Boeing: Dreamliner 787 Discuss the idea of the market structure and interest for the Dreamliner. What are the suggestions for Boeing and its clients? The market structure for the Dreamliner is that of an oligopolistic nature which implies there are hardly any airplane produces who offer huge amounts to its purchasers. With Boeings greatest contender Airbus unfit to rival the Dreamliner item, Boeing gets the opportunity to assume control over the market for business airplane. The interest for the Dreamliner is inferred request. Because of client interest for agreeable reasonable evaluated carrier travel, the interest for the Dreamliner will increment. Clients request comfort during air travel and the Boeing Airliner guarantees included extravagances that will build client buys to those carriers with a Dreamliner airplane. The main task administrator for the Boeing, Tim Cogan expressed, Its not Just a developmental advance it verges on progressive. This announcement is upheld by numerous industry insiders. Kotler Armstrong, 2010, p188) With such help, the feelings of the carrier organizations umped at the opportunity to put in a request even with the understanding that the assessed time for conveyance was at any rate 4 years and there was little research to help a portion of the additional extravagance luxuries. What instances of the significant kinds of purchasing circumstances do you find for the situation? Examine the ramifications of each regarding advertising technique? Another assignment buy is seen with the Dreamliner because of the way that it is another item being sold by Boeing. The purchasing group is contained various individuals and the group must choose details with respect to the item. The advertiser (Boeing) attempts to reach whatever number key purchasing impacts as would be prudent yet in addition gives assistance and data. (Kotler Armstrong, 2010, pl 73) The luxuries of the Dreamliner will help the purchasing group in settling on a choice whether the Dreamliner would be a wise venture for the organization and provided that this is true, what number of to arrange. A straight rebuy is additionally found for this situation. Boeing recorded the carrier at a cost of $162 million with barely any adjustable alternatives for its purchasers. (I. e. guest plans). Numerous airplane purchasers may have just been clients f Boeing and know about their business. A straight rebuy is characterized by Kotler and Armstrong as the purchaser reorders something with no adjustments. When the purchaser buys the airplane the straight rebuy purchasing circumstance will bring about a snappier deal with less people settling on a choice on choices and item details. Rundown the particular highlights of the Dreamliner. What client benefits result from each? Traveler BENEFITS: 60% calmer than different planes in its group It is consistently ideal to rest on a plane in any case, when situated close to the motor it is hard to rest because of the commotion. Numerous corporate explorers will appreciate this advantage with the late and early morning travel legs. With the additional legroom there will never again be a need to explicitly sit in the isle and more choices that will rise to the solace of isle seats will come accessible. Lighting that naturally acclimates to time zone shifts Changing time zones can be hard for anybody Circadian rhythms, which are the interior clock we as a whole have which discloses to us when we it is the ideal opportunity for bed and when the time has come to rise. These tickers are not handily balanced when changing time zones. The Dreamliner will gang lighting that imulates dawn and dusk which will help its travelers conform to the adjustment in time zones. (Micke, 2010) Higher internal compression and moistness lessening regular flying indications, for example, cerebral pains, dry mouth, and weakness. These side effects are not what most travelers anticipate; realizing the Dreamliner diminishes these side effects will make it a favored airplane for some travelers. Huge overhead stockpiling canisters It is continually overwhelming not knowing whether your portable will fit into the overhead stockpiling containers. We have all seen a traveler beating their gear esperately trusting it will fly in before the airline steward stops by to take it to be put away in the load region. 19 inch self-diminishing windows This is a superb component for the individuals who incline toward a seat by the window however need to fght the daylight to make the most of their flight. Remote web and theater setup numerous explorers utilize the web to remain associated while away. This choice will enable business explorers to finish business while out and about. Time delicate data can be directed in-flight and travel will never again be a weight for business explorers. The non-business travel can remain associated with loved ones to educate regarding flight status and appearance time. Likewise, remote access will help the traveler with relaxing during air travel. Airplane BUYER BENEFITS: For the purchaser of a Dreamliner Aircraft, the promoting angle will be a breeze. Travelers are continually searching for comfort when flying and this airplane offers numerous extravagance civilities. Carriers with a Dreamliner in their program will be able to sell extravagance air travel to its travelers without the extravagance cost. The Dreamliner will offer an ighter airplane bringing about less fuel required for flights. This airplane could supplant obsolete airplanes that are not, at this point monetarily fit. The 787 will extend relentless markets for its clients with a fuel scope of 8,500 nautical miles and a most extreme speed of Mach . 5. (Kotler Armstrong, 2010, p187) Also, the Dreamliner offers traveler limit of 210 to 330 contingent upon guest plan requested by the client. With different setups, the purchaser of the airplane has the choice to choose what seating confguration would best meet their aircraft needs. For instance, Southwest Airline just offers economy class, so they would arrange a Jetliner with one kind of seating confguration. There is n o requirement for Southwest to arrange a Jetliner with first or business class on a Dreamliner. Different carriers may think that its important to arrange numerous airplanes with various guest plan to best meet its promoting and client needs. Talk about the client purchasing process for a Boeing plane. In what significant ways does this procedure vary from the purchasing procedure a traveler may experience in picking a carrier? The purchasing procedure for a carrier submitting a request or a Dreamliner would initially need to perceive a requirement for another airplane offering the resign because old enough may take a gander at the Dreamliner as great answer for add new imaginative items to their armada. Next the purchaser would need to perceive the general determinations and amount required of a thing. Here a purchaser of the airplane would counsel designers and specialized faculty to talk about the choices accessible on the Dreamliner Aircraft. For instance, the specialized staff ought to be counseled in regards to the remote theater setup on a Dreamliner. The control tower may require odifications to guarantee obstruction won't be an issue with this sort of framework. Item determinations expected to meet the carriers client and promoting needs would need to be recorded. In this procedure, the group chooses the best item attributes and determines them likewise. (Kotler Armstrong, 2010, p177) As for the Dreamliner, the carrier would indicate the seat alternatives accessible. For instance, Southwest Airlines just offers economy seating for their travelers. On the off chance that Southwest decides to buy a Dreamliner, they would determine one seating choice or their airplane. When the request is put for a Dreamliner, the purchaser should lead a presentation audit to guarantee the item will be conveyed on schedule and to guarantee they know about any issues that may emerge. At this phase of the purchasing procedure the purchaser evaluates the exhibition of the provider and chooses to proceed, change, or drop the game plan. (Kotler Armstrong, 2010, p179) Most travelers picking a carrier are searching for the most economical non-stop trip to their goal. The purchasing procedure for a carrier ticket for two or three hundred dollars is ess complex than that of buying an airplane for more than one hundred million dollars. Numerous voyagers have a favored carrier and don't look for bargains. They utilize the favored carrier and procure air miles towards free flights. With respect to me, I don't have a favored aircraft, anyway I do appreciate Southwest due to initially start things out serve seating. However, most voyagers will take a gander at value first, non-stop flight prospects, and air terminal area before booking a flight. There is little idea that goes into airplane choices when a ticket is bought. What showcasing suggestions would you make to McNerney as he keeps on attempting to determine the issues with the 787 Dreamliner program? McNerney needs to remain completely associated with the activities of the Dreamliner to guarantee all providers and fabricates are finishing creation on schedule. Execution surveys of the providers must be paid attention to and the choice to drop or alter the course of action must be made in a convenient manner. With 70 percent of the work being re-appropriated to many collaborating firms, he can't be blinded by deficient or erroneous creation. The more it takes to survey the provider execution the more drawn out the deferral underway and conveyance will be for the Dreamliner.

Benefits of an online business presence Essay

In this errand I will clarify the improvements in web innovation, portray the advantages of an online nearness and give instances of organizations that appreciate these advantages lastly disclose the benefits of to organizations of having an online nearness as opposed to having an absolutely disconnected nearness. Broadband and different improvements Nowadays, broadband associations empower information to be moved a lot quicker than narrowband. The association doesn't tie up a typical telephone line. The client can pick get online by an ADSL association, a link line, remote or through satellite dish. Likewise the web is minimal effort and is speeding up which benefits the trade on the web. The new convenient gadgets, for example, PDA offer the client simple web access whenever. 80% of the UK can get broadband by ADSL and link. The vast majority of individuals use web each day which empowers an extraordinary portion of information. Secure installments The expansion of security empowers the utilization of credit/platinum card offices. In any case, the papers and magazine title texts about misrepresentation and programmers clearly put individuals off. To be made sure about, all the online installments should be private and secret between the purchaser and the dealer, passed on unblemished and with no progressions during transmission and eradicated from the framework after the procedure has been finished. The banks are expanding the security of the charge/Mastercards of the client. To buy a thing on the web the client need to enter in the secret word and the date of birth. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) is a standard convention for making sure about Visa exchanges over unreliable systems, the Internet. SET isn't itself an installment framework, but instead a lot of security conventions and organizations that empowers clients to utilize the current charge card installment foundation on an open system in a protected manner. At the point when the cardholder purchases online the charge card organization confirms the card by means of computerized signature. This demonstrates the cardholder is certifiable. Web composing instruments Nowadays there are various web writing apparatuses, for example, the Microsoft FrontPage program which empowers the client to make a site with no pro information. There are different projects, for example, the Dreamweaver, Fireworks and Flash innovation used to make the impacts and plans in a site. Organizations can undoubtedly fabricate their site, which empowers them to make an assistance on the web. Advantages of an online nearness A web business nearness have worldwide â€Å"round† perceivability which implies they never close and are accessible from any area on the planet at 24 hours 7 days per week. This advantage can expand the chance of exchanging of the site. A few instances of sites that appreciate this advantage are www.sainsburys. co. uk, www. amazon. co. uk and www. argos. co. uk. A few organizations working on the web have chance of development to access to a wide scope of clients particularly from abroad. On the off chance that the business offers an astounding assistance the open door is expanded. Be that as it may, there are stresses for instance the levy obstructions, portions and ecological guidelines. This isn't an issue in the European Community as the merchandise can be openly exchanged between part states. A few sites that appreciate this advantage are www. ebay. com, www. hp. com, www. dell. com. A Small business with a decent help and all around planned can contend with bigger organizations. There is a correspondence of essence paying little heed to measure of business. The costumer never looks on the size of the business just on the administration and item gave. In this manner an independent venture can contend with a bigger one. A few sites that appreciate this advantage are www. zonepoint. co. uk and www. computeradvicecentre. com. A web business nearness has the advantage of a quick reaction to client premium. Be that as it may, a few firms don’t exploit this advantage. A web can give a few chances to client contact for instance the email messages. The speed of reaction is significant. A reaction over the web is quicker than the reaction by telephone or letter. An online business nearness getting a charge out of this advantage is www. ebuyer. com. A web business nearness has the chance to dissect online rivalry. It is snappier and simpler to think about contender exercises online than by visiting their stores or acquiring data disconnected. Additionally the web empowers organizations to check new contenders and their piece of the overall industry. Organizations working on the web have chance to stay aware of clients. Organizations can check competitor’s status and afterward they can improve the item or administration offered, speed of the conveyance or the plan of the site. The web has made the existence a lot simpler. Accomplishing a responsive incorporated flexibly chain A gracefully chain contains each and every business that is engaged with the possible gracefully of an item or administration. Be that as it may, there are issues related with the gracefully chain. On the off chance that the chain is long the cost to the client might be high and the chain is generally delayed to react to a fast change. To battle these issues organizations attempted to change the flexibly chain to abbreviate it, this is finished by removing or by going the same number of middle people, and to coordinate it, to speed the things by changing the data in a single stage to another. A case of business that has a straightforward and short gracefully chain is Dell. Dell makes PCs and sells them online legitimately to the purchasers. This implies there are no wholesales and no requirement for retail shops. This rates things up and diminishes the last cost to the client. In the event that the organizations improve their gracefully chain there numerous advantages that follows. Organizations can offer prompt conveyance as a business include. The dealer will have more command over conveyance if the flexibly chain is short and incorporated. One case of a business working on the web that has this advantage is Dell. co. uk Other advantage is the open door for purchasing the items on the web. Organizations can improve the item conveyance and lessen the time between the request and gracefully. Clients can check stocks on the web. In the event that a thing is right now unavailable numerous organizations put a note on the site and email the client when stocks are renewed. One case of a business that has this advantage is ebuyer. com. Ebuyer is an efficient Dell. It sells legitimately to the purchaser; there is no requirement for retail shops. Online request following is another advantage. It empowers the clients to check each phase of their request from the supplier’s site. The framework sends naturally email to client advising about following request. In different frameworks clients can check whenever the advancement of the request. Ebuyer. com is a business working on the web that appreciates this advantage. Organizations can diminish overheads and work costs. A business that has a short and a coordinated flexibly fasten has more prospects to process the requests all the more inexpensively. This is on the grounds that there is probably going to be less staff required to process desk work identifying with client orders, less shops required if the business bargains straightforwardly to the client, less middle people required and less staff expected to manage the client. Ebuyer and Dell are two instances of organizations that appreciate this advantage. Decreased stockholding Businesses can improve income through less awful obligations. Income improves if the client is paying as they make a buy. The exchanges over the web are finished by credit or charge card. The card installment is constantly checked and approved before the merchandise are dispatched. Ebuyer. com can pick where to find. Ebuyer just exchanges over the web. It has more opportunity in picking the area than different kinds of organizations. A business can set aside cash with affiliations with ISPs and entryways. This fills in as the accompanying: a business needs to show the area of the organization, the business can do an association utilizing multimap to show it. One model is the BT site. Other advantage is the availability to various clients. Handicapped and housebound individuals have more favorable circumstances to shop at home over the web. Likewise individuals who live in rustic and remote zones don’t need to stress to go a shopping trip. Only one â€Å"click† can set aside cash and time. These days is expanding accessibility of open web passageways. The web stands and cybercafi s are a typical element in every single huge town and urban areas. They empower anybody without a pc, or away from home, to get to the web without any problem. Likewise the scarred Pc’s and the compact PCs, workstations, empower the entrance to web whenever. Favorable circumstances of to organizations of having an online nearness as opposed to having an absolutely disconnected nearness Tesco are lager to sell significantly more food supplies as they have both their stores and the home conveyance administration than Primark which just offers its item to clients who came into their stores. Tesco site would work comprehensively just as locally for moderately minimal additional expense. Tesco can get a wide scope of clients since they can purchase online whenever. Individuals don’t need to stress to go for shopping. Just by one â€Å"click† individuals can shop on the web. Additionally impaired individuals would want to shop on the web. Primark site just offers the data about the items and where to discover retail outlets. In my perspective an online nearness has a greater number of preferences than an absolutely disconnected nearness. An online nearness can get a greater number of clients selling on the web than a disconnected nearness. The clients are significant for a business in light of the fact that without them a business can close. All in all, I referenced the advantages of an online nearness and the upsides of an online nearness instead of an absolutely disconnected nearness. BTEC First in Business Unit 8: Business Online.

Graduate Studies Scholarship Available to Developing Country Nationals COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Graduate Studies Scholarship Available to Developing Country Nationals COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Applications to the the Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship Program (JJWBGSP) open tomorrow, February 22, 2018. This scholarship offers tuition, a monthly living stipend, round-trip airfare, health insurance, and a travel allowance. The program is open to anyone from developing countries with professional experience and a history of supporting their countries’ development efforts who are applying to a master degree program in a development-related topic. There is a list of eligibility criteria, which you can view here. One big requirement: obtaining a masters degree from a preferred or partner institution, Lucky enough, SIPA is one of those schools! The JJWBGSP website gives a detailed list of scholarship benefits and requirements, as well as steps applicants can take before applying. You can also check out the scholarship flyer below. And be sure to mark the April 12th deadline in your calendars. Click here for the JJWBGSP 2018 Flyer [PDF]. Looking for more scholarship opportunities? Check out SIPAs external fellowship database.

The Foreign Exchange Reform In China And Hedging Currency Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

China, one of the large emerging markets, with the implementation of its reform and opening up policy made in 1978. China has successfully transformed itself from an inflexible centrally-planned economy to an open and market-oriented economy, and accomplished remarkable progress in trade market. China has maintained high and stable growth rates for over two decades. Since China is becoming an increasingly important member in the worlds economic scene, the movements of the foreign exchange rate could be an important issue for Chinese firms. On 19 of June 2010, Chinas central bank declared that it will further implement the reform of foreign exchange and enhance the flexibility of RMB exchange rate (Money for life guide, 2010). In the recent financial crisis, it has shown that Chinas exchange rate policy is a substantial international issue (Zhang, 2001). However, Chinas central bank is in dilemma because of the effects of the foreign exchange reform and the currency risk to the Chinese companies. In the influences of the foreign exchange reform to Chinese enterprises, Anderson, UBSs chief Asia economist, stated that the impact of importation should be better than the impact of exportation for Chinese firms. However, in the external business competitions, Chinese firms engage in importing machinery and raw materials from other countries, are de finitely affected by the foreign exchange reform. Their selling prices are down right now because of losing the competitive advantage from exchange rate reform. But Woetzel, director of McKinsey Companys Greater China Office, argued that the exchange rate reform will bring Chinese enterprises to the international market, and the effect of the whole foreign exchange reform process will allow Chinese companies to meet the international standards (Let the world to aware of a brilliant future of Chinas economy 2005). This essay is organized as follows: Section 1, review the process of Chinas foreign exchange rate reform and the new Renminbi (RMB) exchange policy and its impact on Chinas balance of trade and the economic development. Section 2, briefly discuss about the impacts of foreign exchange reform in China and the risk to Chinese firms. Section 3, focus on the currency risk affecting the multinational companies in China, examines the relationship between foreign exchange rate arrangements, and states the solution to hedge the currency risk during the foreign exchange reform. Section 4 concludes the paper. 2. The Foreign Exchange Reform in China Renminbi (RMB) has become a national currency in 1949, but it has been invariable and inconvertible. Consequently, RMB was limited to be an accounting instrument and a capital for allocating companys resource. With its market isolation from outside world, RMB could not athletically take action to the unpredictable foreign exchange rate, nor make appropriate adjustment that based on the change supply and demand of foreign exchange immediately. Zhang (2001) explained that this situation is essentially related to the monopoly condition of Chinas foreign trade policy, only dozen of authorized import and export corporations could cooperate with foreign firms under the import and export contract. Furthermore, these foreign trade corporations (FTCs) had to relinquish the earnings from foreign trading because they had to exchange the currency from the Bank of China at the official exchange rate, and normally the rate is not reasonable. Obviously, there were no incentives for traders under this business circumstances, the changes in the official exchange rate would definitely affect the multinational firms financial profits. In order to improve incentives and promote export performance, China has endeavoured at least four times to reform and loosen its foreign trade management system since 1978 (Zhang, 1997). The main progress of the reform was launched in the last two decades, it proposed to fracture the traditional foreign exchange system between domestic firms and the world markets by dispersing the authorization of the trading right. It also introduced the agency system for increasing the initiative and autonomy to the trading companies in the early 1980, and permitted them to assume independent accountability through the contract responsibility system (CRS) since the late 1980s. However, Iwatsubo Karikomi (2006) states that the past reform on Chinas exchange rate system did not seem to have significant effects. Figure 1 Exchange Rates of the RMB US dollar (1979-1994) (Source from Zhang, 1997) To summarize the whole process of the Chinas foreign exchange reform, it can be divided into 3 main stages. In 1994-1996, that was the first stage of foreign exchange reform, which is called stable development stage. China started to prepare for its regaining of membership in WTO and GATT by reducing substantially tariffs and import licenses. In order to enlarge Chinese markets, China started to implement socialism and market-orient policy and reformed the foreign exchange system in 1994. It launched a new exchange rate policy which based on the markets supply and demand, and managed floating exchange rate regime. China adjusted the exchange rate from 1 USD= less than 6 RMB to 1 USD= 8.7 RMB (see figure 1). The competitive advantage of Chinas product kept increasing in the international markets because of the depreciation of RMB, which can benefit the exportation and attract foreign investments. In general, Chinas economy, foreign reserve account, capit al, and financial projects have continued to move forward (Zhang, 1999). In 1997-2001, after several years of high inflation and speedy growth of Chinas economy, the second stage, high-deflation stage was started to begin. Unfortunately, the impacts of high inflation and Asia financial crisis almost started at the same time. That was a huge economic shock to China because all Asias currencies were devaluated, which deducted the Chinas competitive power in the international markets. The profit from import and export trading fell down to the lowest point in 2001, which lose more than 12 billion USD by comparing before Asia financial crises. Therefore, Chinas central bank reduced the reserve rate from 13% to 8% in March of 1998 and 8% to 6% in 1999, in order to release the pressure of national expenditure. The GDP growth rate reduced about 2-3% by comparing before 1997 (see figure 2) (Xia Chen, 2005). Figure 2 China GDP Growth Rate 1997-2010 Source: TradingEconmics.com; National Bureau of Statistics In 2002 to present, is the third stage of Chinas foreign stage reform, boost development stage. In 2003, Chinas GDP growth rate reached 9.1%, in 2004 and 2005, China maintained 10.1% and 9.9% growth rate in GDP (see figure 2). However, this circumstance enlarged the appreciation pressure on RMB. On 21 July 2005, China gave up the fixed exchange rate that it had adopted and grown into over a decade. Chinas exchange rate had been effectively fixed at 8.28 yuan per USD within a slight range of 0.3 percent plus or minus with no control on the RMBs value against other currencies (Ronald, 2005). At the same time, The People Bank of China launched the new exchange rate policy; the new policy depends on market supply and demand to foreign currencies, adjusts by referencing to a basket of currencies and follows the published exchange rate fluctuation in international markets. The Chinese government stated that the Chinas monet ary management team will keep tuning the RMB exchange rate at a reasonable and balanced level (Huang, 2006). Since then, Chinas balance of payments and trade has undergone several different stages, from high-inflation period to high-deflation period. 3. The Currency Risk in China Chinese companies face additional risks in operating with foreign companies in international circumstance. One of main risks is the currency risk, which appears from changes of exchange rates between different currencies. One simple method is to measure the return in domestic currency conditions and compare it with the returns in local currency conditions, and characterise the Currency effect. However, curry surprise is an essential method to calculate currency risk, which defines as the unforeseen adjustment of the foreign currency relative to its forward rate or market expect rate (Srinivasan Steve 2003). Exchange rate instability can work against an international firm, for example, if a payment in a foreign currency has to be completed at a future date, it cannot be guaranteed that the price in the foreign exchange market will be stable in the future. It is possible that the exchange rate will move against the company, leading the company to suffer loss. On the other hand, th e foreign exchange market can also provide advantages, reducing the payment cost in terms of their home currency. Generally, when the home currency is devalued, the companies can get advantages in exporting goods to other countries because their products become cheaper. In the same way, Firms get benefit in importing from other countries when their currency becomes stronger, it then increases the currencys purchasing power in other countries. Therefore, foreign exchange risk can be a significant issue for Chinese enterprises, it can cause risk in potential corporate profitability, net cash flows, and market value. Thus it influences management decisions of multinational corporations. 4. Risk Management for Hedging Currency Risk Since currency surprise has been an essentially noise in currency risk management, hedging currency risk is the act of reducing or negating the risks that arise out of changes in the prices of one currency against another. In order to acquire the maximum profit and minimum loss in dealing with foreign firms, there are several methods for a business to defend the risky currency. The first one is called Internal Hedging Strategies, it means leading and lagging the receipts and payments of cash to gain a business advantage. It can ensure that the local companies utilize the exchange rate movements to guarantee maximum profit. For example, if a company has to pay $1 million on a specific date for imported fabric and receives an export order for $1 million, it can attempt either to setback the payment for imports or request an early payment to the buyer. Therefore, the cash inflow from exportation is used as the payment for imports. This method can reduce the depreciation risk in import -payment and evade the risk in export-receipt by managing both cash flows. The second method is called Forward Transactions. It is a relatively easy method to execute currency risk management. In this situation, both companies have to sign a contract which states a specify exchange rate for the payment or receipt in the future, regardless of what the real market exchange rate at that time is. The main idea behind the forward transaction is that while the exchange rate is set on both parties, they do not have to concern about instability of incomes and costs respectively. The third strategy is Currency futures, the same idea as forward contracts except the pre-set date of the transaction in the future is set. It is a transferable futures contract that specifies the exchange rate at which a currency can be bought or sold at a future date. It allows foreign trade companies to hedge against foreign exchange risk. The advantage of currency futures is exchange-traded., counter-party risk is eliminated, and it also facilitates that currency futures are more transparent in their pricing and more accessible to all market participants (Srinivasan Steve, 2003). The next method is Currency Swaps. It is a swap that involves the exchange of principal and interest in one currency for the principal and interest payments in another currency. This real time transaction can also be utilized for hedging interest rate risks by exchanging their fixed and floating interest rate contract with each other (Nicolaus, 2000). The last method for hedging currency risk is Currency options, these are financial instruments that give the buyer of the contract the right but not the obligation to either buy or sell a designated quantity of a specific currency at a predetermined exchange rate. While a call option gives the owner the obligation to buy the currency at a contracted price. On the same way, a put option gives the holder the right to sell it at an agreed price, regardless of an unfavorable market price for the same. However, foreign exchange risk can be a significant issue for Chinese enterprises, it changes of future cash flow resulting from the unexpected exchange fluctuation and create risk in corporate profitability, net cash flows and market value. Thus it is necessary to evaluate and generate a suitable hedging method to prevent the loss from investing with multinational corporations. 5. Conclusion To summaries this article, subsequent to the review the whole process of Chinas exchange rate reform, it seems that globalization will drive China toward further financial integration. This situation moves determinedly towards increasing exchange rate flexibility. The process and speed of moving towards more flexibility should be deliberate. Particularly, China should concern the developing and emerging markets changing their foreign exchange policy. In the past, some Asia developing countries rushed into opening the capital account in order to formulate their currencies more convertible, but in fact, it results currency and banking crises when hot money left their economies. Since China still has a long way to go for building up a well-built, well-managed and synchronized financial system, it should also continue to give a high priority in enhancing its financial stability. As The Peoples Bank of China said, the reform of the RMB exchange rate will help increase the competitivenes s of the countrys exports on the international markets and it would continue reforms of the yuan exchange rate regime and increase the flexibility of the exchange rate. This paper explores the impacts of foreign exchange rate on trade between China and other countries. Since effective currency risk management has became popular in company corporate level. This essay presented an overview of hedging foreign currency risk exposure with Internal Hedging Strategies, Forward Transactions, Currency Futures Currency Swaps and Currency Options. These instruments have been comprehensively described in terms of their common and characteristics. However, hedging currency risk is a very important strategy in financial planning and budgeting when Chinese companies do businesses with foreign companies.

The Organizational Behavior And Direction Of Change

Self-Reflection In my current profession the organizational behavior and direction of change is influenced by the organization’s culture. Organizational behavior occurs in all organizations but and shapes and develops the culture without the employees ever being aware. Culture can be described as the particular roles and values that people are accustomed to in a workplace. Culture can vary from organization to organization. Before taking this course at Cornerstone, organizational behavior and change was an unfamiliar notion. After taking this course I have a better sense of my role as a leader within my current profession. I have been able to further expound on the concept of what drives people at work, whether it is prestige, money or power. I am now able to utilize the concepts from the CQ model and recognize our own use of the steps in Kotter’s Model. 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The Main Source Of Data Was English For Today - 1810 Words

The main source of data was English For Today, a textbook that is used in class nine in Bangladesh. In class 9 the students get themselves prepared for their upcoming board examination that is called SSC (Secondary School Certificate) which they will face within two years but the students who are used in this research has one and a half year to appear in the exam as it is conducted in the middle of the year. 3.2. Participants About 25 students and 5 teachers from different schools are the participants of this study. The teachers were from various schools and educational background. All of them are from bangle medium schools and their teaching experience is almost same. They have experience for approximately 10 to 12 years of teaching. 3.3. Materials Three reading passages were used in this study. Two of them were adopted from the text book and another was selected from their supplementary book. These three passages were chosen from a larger number of possible selections on the basis of several pilot studies with students of same class. In the first pilot study with 10 students, seven passages along with some open ended questions were used in order to discover which ones were most appropriate for the students. After pilot study, passages which he students failed o comprehend and answers were thrown out. And for the teachers the researcher has designed a questionnaire and some interview questions. 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Artificial Selection Breeding for Desirable Traits

Artificial selection is the process of breeding animals for their desirable traits by an outside source other than the organism itself or natural selection. Unlike  natural  selection, artificial selection is not random and is controlled by the desires of humans. Animals, both domesticated and wild animals that are now in captivity, are often subjected to artificial selection by humans to achieve the ideal pet in terms of looks and demeanor or a combination of both. Artificial Selection Renowned scientist  Charles Darwin  is credited with coining the term artificial selection in his book On the Origin of Species, which he wrote upon returning from the Galapagos Islands and experimenting with crossbreeding birds. The process of artificial selection had actually been used for centuries to create livestock and animals bred for war, agriculture, and beauty. Unlike animals, humans dont often experience artificial selection as a general population, though arranged marriages could also be argued as an example of such. However, parents who arrange marriages generally choose a mate for their offspring based on financial security rather than genetic traits. Origin of the Species Darwin made use of artificial selection to help gather evidence to explain his theory of  evolution  when he returned to England from his journey to the Galapagos Islands on the  HMS Beagle.  After studying the  finches  on the islands, Darwin turned to breeding birds— specifically pigeons—at home to try and prove his ideas. Darwin was able to show that he could choose which traits were desirable in pigeons and increase the chances for those to be passed on to their offspring by breeding two pigeons with the trait; since Darwin performed his work before  Gregor Mendel  published his findings and founded the field of genetics, this was a key piece to the evolutionary theory puzzle. Darwin hypothesized that artificial selection and  natural selection  functioned the same way, wherein traits that were desirable gave the individuals an advantage: Those who could survive would live long enough to pass the desirable traits on to their offspring. Modern and Ancient Examples Perhaps the best-known use of artificial selection is dog breeding—from wild wolves to  dog show  winners of the American Kennel Club, which recognizes over 700 different breeds of dogs. Most of the breeds the AKC recognizes are the result of an artificial selection method known as crossbreeding wherein a male dog from one breed mates with a female dog of another breed to create a hybrid. One such example of a newer breed is the labradoodle, a combination of a Labrador retriever and a poodle. Dogs, as a species, also offer an example of artificial selection in action. Ancient humans were mostly nomads who roamed from place to place, but they found that if they shared their food scraps with wild wolves, the wolves would protect them from other hungry animals. The wolves with the most domestication were bred and, over several generations, humans domesticated the wolves and kept breeding those that showed the most promise for hunting, protection, and affection. The domesticated wolves had undergone artificial selection and became a new species that humans called dogs.

Environmental Pollution Essays - 604 Words

Environmental Pollution Our environment is affected by our daily actions. The earth is plagued with land, air and water pollution. Some of the problems we face on earth are: deforestation, nuclear waste, acid rain, global warming, overpopulation and some animals are endangered. Air pollution has many different sources. Power-generated plants, oil refineries, chemical plants, and steel mills contribute to about 140 million tons of pollutants into the air every year. Automobiles account for at least 80 percent, of air pollution; the heaviest polluter. Another type of air pollution is acid rain. Acid rain is formed when sulfur and nitrogen are distributed from factories, automobiles and power plants. The sulfur and†¦show more content†¦Solid waste such as tires, diapers and plastics are buried in landfills each year. It takes generations for them to decompose. Today, there are laws that penalize manufacturing plants that dispose hazardous wastes. These plants dump these hazardous materials in nearby woods or dump them into streams (this practice was common fifty years ago). We need rain forests for survival. Rain forests pump fresh oxygen into the atmosphere, protect soil from erosion and absorb carbon dioxide. Rain forests cover 4.5 billion acres and accounts for 7 percent of the earths land. The Amazon in Brazil is the largest rain forest (2 million acres). The fate of todays rain forest is in trouble. A process called deforestation is the leading problem. Deforestation is the process of cutting down forests to use the land for farming and grazing cattle. Farmers slash and burn forest turning them into desert land. Brazil promised to implement laws that were tougher to protect the Amazon. These laws cut deforestation in half. By 1994, the burning started again and in 1996 the burning was at its worst. The ozone layer blocks harmful ultraviolet rays, that comes from the sun. Chemicals released from the earth are depleting the ozone layer. Skin cancer i s on the rise as a result of the depletion of the ozone layer. Scientist states that every 1 percent of depletion of the ozone layer, the rate of skin cancer will rise 5Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Pollution and Degradation3803 Words   |  16 PagesEnvironmental degradation DEFINITION: Environmental degradation may be defined as the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. Environmental degradation has occurred due to the recent activities in the field of socio-economic, institutional and technologies. 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These two closely tied problems are evident mostly in education, health, economic situations, politics and the Chinese labor which is more ofRead MoreEnvironmental Pollution And Methods Of Management1279 Words   |  6 PagesEnvironmental Pollution and Methods of Management As recent as it may seem, pollution was actually an apparent issue even for the ancient civilizations since the fire they used to cook would release particles which would pollute the surrounding atmosphere. However, this kind of pollution that occurred in the previous civilizations did not pose much of a threat to the environment because it was very minimal. As time progressed the technological advancements that were made in the 19th and 20th centuries

Is the Survival of a society dependent on Fate or Human Choice Free Essays

There is no doubt that some societies are more fragile than others. The subjective observation of a societies ability to succeed or fail can sometimes be misleading when not all possible factors leading toward a societies outcome, are considered. When an observer does not scrutinize a societies success or lack there of, chances are, the observer will endlessly grapple over whether the outcome of a society was a result of fate, or human choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Survival of a society dependent on Fate or Human Choice? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Needless to say, through resources such as, Jared Diamonds book Collapse, and his movie Guns, Germs, and Steel as well as, Jeffery Sachs’ book The End of Poverty, it is inevitable that both authors are confident in their revolutionary theories on a society’s ability to succeed or fail. There is no question that the environment is the foundation for a societies future; however, it is the human choices of how and what should be built on that foundation, which determine whether it will be stable and succeed or not. Jeffrey Sachs and Jared Diamond have contrasting ideas on the significance of the environment and how it affects societies. While Jeffery Sachs seems to underestimate its significance, Diamond gives it too much credit. Jeffery Sachs gives six reasons in his book, The End of Poverty as to why societies â€Å"takeoff† and develop, or, lag on and remain in their poorly developed state. Some of the reasons mentioned by Sachs include: social mobility, political factors and fertility rates. Sachs did include physical geography as one of the factors as well; although, wouldn’t one say that geography is at the root of all six of those revelations? At least, Diamond might agree. When faced with harsh environmental conditions solely based on where you live in globe, poses a question. Does ones survival purely depend on where they are born in the world? Sachs does address geography as an important factor in a societies success; however, he states that you can still have societal changes even if the geography does not allow for it. This is evident in chapter three of Sachs book as he discusses eight points that determine whether a society will thrive or not, and the role that humans are playing in failing societies. Some of these points include technology, trade, natural resource decline and population growth. When people die from extreme poverty, it is because they literally had nothing. They don’t need a lot to survive, but they do need a lot to start a process of economic development; and that’s where Sachs and I would differ. There’s a reason societies who are under extreme poverty, have not been able to rise and be successful; environmental barriers. The environment can easily wipe out humans basic needs, which is the first step to survival in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. It is evident that environmental determinism does play an important role in a societies ability to thrive or not based on where you are on the globe? However, does is it location and the environment that comes with it purely determine whether a society will last? Easter Island is a society that virtually collapsed in isolation due to environmental damage. A perfect example of whether the success of a society depends on lack of human choices or environmental barriers. Jared captures his insight of the phenomenon in his book, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed with concrete evidence. Jared mostly recognizes the geographical and environmental barriers that support the analogy that Easter was doomed from the beginning. From his reading, it seems that even if the people of Easter Island had made the most suitable and sensible human choices as far as working with the environment to obtain their basic needs, they soon would have been doomed to failure. Jared gives an example of how something so vital for survival such as water, would immediately seep into the island when their only water resource, rainfall, would come. Although I strongly believe that the environment plays a large role in a societies ability to thrive or not, Jared overlooked and underestimated the severity of human choices, (culture) and its impact on Easter Islands failure. Deforestation was unfortunately one of the main contributing factors in Easter Islands failure. Jared states that Easter Island is covered with an abundance of substantial statues due to an aggressive competition between chiefs of the island that were built to honor them. This way of culture proved to work against its society because many trees were deforested in order to transport the massive statues. The history of Easter Island helps to reconfirm my opinion that a society is destined to failure or success through mostly geographical and environmental state and a pinch of a societies ability to make wise decisions. Jared Diamond believes that there are three things that determine the outcome of a society: Guns, Germs and Steel. The main conclusion I gathered from watching this film was that societies developed in different parts of the world because of differences in environments. Jared struggles to answer a provocative question to a Papua New Guinean, â€Å"why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own? Jared sets geography as the dominant factor, emphasizing, that, it is not the biological aspect of people that determine human history but rather the environmental context, which we have no control over. Diamond discusses his opinion on whether he believes in the old presumption that the reason European civilizations were able develop and come up with advanced economies so fast, was because of their innate superiority. Jared believes we all moderately have the same intelligence in every society, and that it is not based on genes or race. He was unable to accept the possibility that New Guineans are inferior intellectually to Europeans. I agree with Jared. I believe that the reason European society became more technologically and politically advanced was the fertile environment that these people were born into to. This environment would allow them to have food production, tamed animals, and all other advantages that the New Guinea people did not have. Once basic needs are met in a society, it is easier for a society to climb up the ladder of success. It is therefore evident that the survival of a person is pure luck, based on whether you were born in an area where the environment works for you, and some human choices that are made to work with tte environment effectively. In conclusion, I wonder if developing counties in the world are doomed to failure and whether it is hopeless trying to make a sustainable society in those regions, and whether they should just be abandoned. The only advantage of having a co-operative environment is that it allows you to have all your basic needs, but will not necessarily help a society to advance further. Once the foundation of a good environment is laid out, only then can human choice help a society climb up the ladder towards success. How to cite Is the Survival of a society dependent on Fate or Human Choice?, Papers

Is the Survival of a society dependent on Fate or Human Choice Free Essays

There is no doubt that some societies are more fragile than others. The subjective observation of a societies ability to succeed or fail can sometimes be misleading when not all possible factors leading toward a societies outcome, are considered. When an observer does not scrutinize a societies success or lack there of, chances are, the observer will endlessly grapple over whether the outcome of a society was a result of fate, or human choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Survival of a society dependent on Fate or Human Choice? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Needless to say, through resources such as, Jared Diamonds book Collapse, and his movie Guns, Germs, and Steel as well as, Jeffery Sachs’ book The End of Poverty, it is inevitable that both authors are confident in their revolutionary theories on a society’s ability to succeed or fail. There is no question that the environment is the foundation for a societies future; however, it is the human choices of how and what should be built on that foundation, which determine whether it will be stable and succeed or not. Jeffrey Sachs and Jared Diamond have contrasting ideas on the significance of the environment and how it affects societies. While Jeffery Sachs seems to underestimate its significance, Diamond gives it too much credit. Jeffery Sachs gives six reasons in his book, The End of Poverty as to why societies â€Å"takeoff† and develop, or, lag on and remain in their poorly developed state. Some of the reasons mentioned by Sachs include: social mobility, political factors and fertility rates. Sachs did include physical geography as one of the factors as well; although, wouldn’t one say that geography is at the root of all six of those revelations? At least, Diamond might agree. When faced with harsh environmental conditions solely based on where you live in globe, poses a question. Does ones survival purely depend on where they are born in the world? Sachs does address geography as an important factor in a societies success; however, he states that you can still have societal changes even if the geography does not allow for it. This is evident in chapter three of Sachs book as he discusses eight points that determine whether a society will thrive or not, and the role that humans are playing in failing societies. Some of these points include technology, trade, natural resource decline and population growth. When people die from extreme poverty, it is because they literally had nothing. They don’t need a lot to survive, but they do need a lot to start a process of economic development; and that’s where Sachs and I would differ. There’s a reason societies who are under extreme poverty, have not been able to rise and be successful; environmental barriers. The environment can easily wipe out humans basic needs, which is the first step to survival in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. It is evident that environmental determinism does play an important role in a societies ability to thrive or not based on where you are on the globe? However, does is it location and the environment that comes with it purely determine whether a society will last? Easter Island is a society that virtually collapsed in isolation due to environmental damage. A perfect example of whether the success of a society depends on lack of human choices or environmental barriers. Jared captures his insight of the phenomenon in his book, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed with concrete evidence. Jared mostly recognizes the geographical and environmental barriers that support the analogy that Easter was doomed from the beginning. From his reading, it seems that even if the people of Easter Island had made the most suitable and sensible human choices as far as working with the environment to obtain their basic needs, they soon would have been doomed to failure. Jared gives an example of how something so vital for survival such as water, would immediately seep into the island when their only water resource, rainfall, would come. Although I strongly believe that the environment plays a large role in a societies ability to thrive or not, Jared overlooked and underestimated the severity of human choices, (culture) and its impact on Easter Islands failure. Deforestation was unfortunately one of the main contributing factors in Easter Islands failure. Jared states that Easter Island is covered with an abundance of substantial statues due to an aggressive competition between chiefs of the island that were built to honor them. This way of culture proved to work against its society because many trees were deforested in order to transport the massive statues. The history of Easter Island helps to reconfirm my opinion that a society is destined to failure or success through mostly geographical and environmental state and a pinch of a societies ability to make wise decisions. Jared Diamond believes that there are three things that determine the outcome of a society: Guns, Germs and Steel. The main conclusion I gathered from watching this film was that societies developed in different parts of the world because of differences in environments. Jared struggles to answer a provocative question to a Papua New Guinean, â€Å"why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own? Jared sets geography as the dominant factor, emphasizing, that, it is not the biological aspect of people that determine human history but rather the environmental context, which we have no control over. Diamond discusses his opinion on whether he believes in the old presumption that the reason European civilizations were able develop and come up with advanced economies so fast, was because of their innate superiority. Jared believes we all moderately have the same intelligence in every society, and that it is not based on genes or race. He was unable to accept the possibility that New Guineans are inferior intellectually to Europeans. I agree with Jared. I believe that the reason European society became more technologically and politically advanced was the fertile environment that these people were born into to. This environment would allow them to have food production, tamed animals, and all other advantages that the New Guinea people did not have. Once basic needs are met in a society, it is easier for a society to climb up the ladder of success. It is therefore evident that the survival of a person is pure luck, based on whether you were born in an area where the environment works for you, and some human choices that are made to work with tte environment effectively. In conclusion, I wonder if developing counties in the world are doomed to failure and whether it is hopeless trying to make a sustainable society in those regions, and whether they should just be abandoned. The only advantage of having a co-operative environment is that it allows you to have all your basic needs, but will not necessarily help a society to advance further. Once the foundation of a good environment is laid out, only then can human choice help a society climb up the ladder towards success. How to cite Is the Survival of a society dependent on Fate or Human Choice?, Papers

Cystic Fibrosis1 Essay Example For Students

Cystic Fibrosis1 Essay Cystic fibrosis is an inherited autosomal recessive disease that exerts its main effects on the digestive system and the lungs. This disease is the most common genetic disorder amongst Caucasians. Cystic fibrosis affects about one in 2,500 people, with one in twenty five being a heterozygote. With the use of antibiotics, the life span of a person afflicted with CF can be extended up to thirty years however, most die before the age of thirteen.1 Since so many people are affected by this disease, its no wonder that CF was the first human genetic disease to be cloned by geneticists. In this paper, I will be focusing on how the cystic fibrosis gene was discovered while at the same time, discussing the protein defect in the CF gene, the bio-chemical defect associated with CF, and possible treatments of the disease. The classical genetic approach to finding the gene that is responsible for causing a genetic disease has been to first characterize the bio-chemical defect within the gene, the n to identify the mutated protein in the gene of interest, and finally to locate the actual gene. However, this classical approach proved to be impractical when searching for the CF gene. To find the gene responsible for CF, the principle of reverse genetics was applied. Scientists accomplished this by linking the disease to a specific chromosome. After this linkage, they isolated the gene of interest on the chromosome and then tested its product.2Before the disease could be linked to a specific chromosome, a marker needed to be found that would always travel with the disease. This marker is known as a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP for short. RFLPs are varying base sequences of DNA in different individuals which are known to travel with genetic disorders.3 The RFLP for cystic fibrosis was discovered through the techniques of Somatic Cell Hybridization and through Southern Blot Electrophoresis (gel separation of DNA). By using these techniques, three RFLPs were dis covered for CF; Doc RI, J3.11, and Met. Utilizing in situ hybridization, scientists discovered the CF gene to be located on the long arm of chromosome number seven. Soon after identifying these markers, another marker was discovered that segregated more frequently with CF than the other markers. This meant the new marker was closer to the CF gene. At this time, two scientists named Lap-Chu Tsui and Francis Collins were able to isolate probes from the CF interval. They were now able to utilize to powerful technique of chromosome jumping to speed up the time required to isolate the CF gene much faster than if they were to use conventional genetic techniques.3In order to determine the exact location of the CF gene, probes were taken from the nucleotide sequence obtained from chromosome jumping. To get these probes, DNA from a horse, a cow, a chicken, and a mouse were separated using Southern Blot electrophoresis. Four probes were found to bind to all of the vertebrates DNA. This meant that the base pairs within the probes discovered contained important information, possibly even the gene. Two of the four probes were ruled out as possibilities because they did not contain open reading frames which are segments of DNA that produce the mRNA responsible for genes. The Northern Blot electrophoresis technique was then used to distinguish between the two probes still remaining in order to find out which one actually contained the CF gene. This could be accomplished because Northern Blot electrophoresis utilizes RNA instead of DNA. The RNA of cell types affected with CF, along with the RNA of unaffected cell types were placed on a gel. Probe number two bound to the RNA of affected cell types in the pancreas, colon, and nose, but did not bind to the RNA from non-affected cell types like those of the brain and heart. Probe number one did not bind exclusively to cell types from CF affected areas like probe number two did. From this evidence, it was determined that probe number two contained the CF gene. While isolating the CF gene and screening the genetic library made from mRNA (cDNA library), it was discovered that probe number two did not hybridize. The chances for hybridization may have been decreased

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion free essay sample

Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by Davis Hume is a pretty heavy text full of many arguments each one with multiple sub arguments and countless premises. While reading I often found my self asking â€Å"what the hell does this mean† or â€Å"where does this even connect with the previous statement†. To be honest if it was not for spark notes I would be even more lost for words than I am now. However as I wade through the literary labyrinth which is Hume I discovered multiple themes that have lead me to one final thesis. Since it is impossible to determine true design through a priori argument alone, the only way to be comfortable with your faith (if you chose to have faith) is to basis it on undeterminable introspection, but one should rely more on skepticism than on faith alone. If we philosophize on God we soon realize no end can be accomplished through reason or observance of the empirical world so the only way to reach revelation is to accept our limited capacity of reason and evidence, to accomplish this we must become skeptics. We will write a custom essay sample on Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just because you are a skeptic doesn’t mean you have to be atheist, Philo argues for skepticism through the whole dialogue by questioning everything Cleanthes and Demea have to say and by making speculative analogical arguments in defiance against those that Cleanthes or Demea make. So in the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion I believe Philo makes the best argument against natural religion. To explain the persuasiveness of his arguments against natural religion you must first understand what natural religion is; it is the process of obtaining religious belief through gathering evidence and reasoning from that evidence. Any believer would immediately say you can look around and see that God exists but anyone who really cares about deriving a truth from real evidence would disagree. It is obviously impossible to presuppose anything about a God when everything we are taught about him leads us to believe he is unquestionable, however this doesn’t stand in the way of Philo. I may be just totally confused but it seems that Cleanthes contradicts what he says in previous chapters every time a new chapter arises but then again this is just Philo subtly leading him and testing his logic so that soon gives up on the argument of design, and just except skepticism as the healthier choice. In part IV Demea supposes a God that is perfectly immutable and simple, Cleanthes thinks this means that God had no mind and influence over the universe. Ignoring Cleanthes’ need for an anthropomorphic God, Philo goes on to bring up the persisting argument pertaining to reason; what really is the point of thinking about it? On page 72 Philo mentions the Indian philosopher and his elephant, he says â€Å"If the material world rest upon a similar ideal world, this idea world must rest upon some other and so on†. Philo is restating an idea of his that is recurrent through out the dialogues, when going beyond the mundane system, you only excite an inquisitive humor, which is impossible to ever satisfy. It is as if Philo is trying to get it through the head of Cleanthes that whatever argument of analogy or original cause of an effect that you bring into the discussion, there is just no point. It is a waste of time to stutter on such trivial matters, it is as if Philo would rather being doing something else than arguing. With part V Philo shows how science has broadened our understanding of the empirical world and thus has strengthened the argument against natural religion. Starting on page 76 Philo points out that the cause can only be proportioned to the effect and since our cognizance is limited to our experience and our experience is finite then how can you ascribe anything to God that is not finite. Philo follows this up by blowing Cleanthes’ mind, on page 77 he asks how Cleanthes could produce from his hypothesis a way to prove the unity of the deity. Philo says a great number of men can work together to construct something, so why may not several deities combine in contriving and framing a world? Philo takes his idea of polytheism and runs with it as a joke and ask why these Gods couldn’t have various sexes as well. This is a pretty awesome part of the book because Demea is freaking out and Philo says that these are Cleanthes’ suppositions because he was the one who lead us onto the idea of a finite God by arguing like effects prove like causes. Cleanthes however shakes this off and tells Philo he is happy that while he imagines such horror he still sticks close to the hypothesis of design. In Part VI Philo tries to back Cleanthes into a corner and tries to force him to renounce his argument by design and admit that our experience is limited, and in no way is a foundation for inferring larger truths. He says that any analogy could be made about God, this is where generation and vegetation come into play. Philo even brings up the idea of the universe being a body and God being the soul. For this to be true the universe would have to have sensory organs like and animal does. I for would like this theory, I could totally imagine different parts of the cosmos acting as sensory organs, but at a very large and undistinguishable scale. However with this analogy we have to assume the world is eternal along with God because if God, the soul is eternal and the universe is the body, then God could not have existed before the universe or body. Because carbon dating had not been discovered in Hume’s time Cleanthes is quick to disregard this argument of analogy by saying the world is young, on the premise that the human race is just now discovering never before seen continents and are transplanting animals and plants in new places. He thinks that if the world has been eternal along side God then all of this would have been done before. If Cleanthes truly believes what he has said then he is a Deist. Once again on page 84 Philo goes back to our narrow scoop of experience and says that there is no way to disprove or prove what I like to call matter recycling, the idea that what is happening now has already happened countless times before, that of course goes along with the idea of God and the universe being eternal, which I completely disagree. Through the whole dialogue Cleanthes struggles to find some way to justify the design argument, while Philo supposes extreme analogies but Cleanthes never seems to realize that all Philo is trying to do is show him that it is impossible to predict order in the universe with our narrowness of evidence. Philo proves to me his persuasiveness by not just his continue bombardment of contradictions or analogies of his own. He has earned my respect because he has remained so chill while never losing the eagerness which propels him toward his goal of proving skepticism the victor. By Part IX it seems that Philo’s way lesson has finally gotten through. Cleanthes and Demea starting on page 98 begin to argue about the cause of a effect where an infinite God is represented by a continuous chain of cause and effects with no end or what is called a necessarily existing thing which is a being that carries the reason of its own existence within itself. To debate this arguments Cleanthes must step further back from his original argument and admit that it is impossible to prove matters of fact with a priori argument. This is where I get excited, Philo broadens the spectrum and touches on what he calls a principle of necessity. This is close to my beliefs in the since that this principle is a law of nature, something like a mathematical rule that could be proven a postori through critical deduction. By part X Demea is setting himself up for a moral let down when he causes Philo to question the morality of God. However at the end of this chapter on page 112 Philo finally reveals his true position on the matter. Philo has already proven the worthlessness of a priori augments pertaining to natural religion while discouraging Cleanthes and horrifying Demea. I admire that I can comprehend and deny the claims of Cleanthes while Philo continuously blows my mind and brings me to not just an epic conclusion but an odd agreement as well. But while Philo proposes such a priori arguments he never ceases to exercise skepticism by constructing a disagreement to the exact analogy he had just theorized. He may assemble alternative views of natural religion but he is such a free thinker that he questions them as well. This gives him the ability to subtly argue against it and is why he is the victor in David Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Gibbs

oi23 Essays - Prophets Of Islam, Biblical People In Islam

When many Americans here the term Islam or Muslim they associate it with such groups as the Nation of Islam or the Black Muslims. However these groups and others like them often have very little in common with the true Islamic faith. They use the term Islam to generate support for their causes, but in so doing they often destroy the public?s view of the main Islamic faith. The People of the Book is an honorary title given to the Jewish, Christian and Muslim faiths. All three religions believe in one God and in his word, delivered through the prophets: Moses received the word of God in the Torah, Jesus and the Gospels and Muhammad and the Quran. The three religions also share a similar belief in prophethood; many Christians are stunned to hear that many Biblical prophets are also considered Islamic prophets. The Quran says in (2:136) Say we believe in God, and the revelation given to us, and the revelation given to Abraham, Ismail, Isaac, Jacob and the tribes, and that given to Moses and Jesus, and that given to the prophets from their Lord: We make no distinction between one and another of them, and to Him we are submitters. Islam does have many differences from the other two religions but it does preach a message of tolerance. Mohammad said, ?Whoever hurts a person from the people of the book it will be as though he hurt me personally.? Islam is closer to Christianity and Judaism then they are to each other since it recognizes both as divine religions where Christians have already seen their Messiah and the Jewish people are still awaiting his appearance.(Islam and the Others) There is no room in Islam to believe that God could have walked the earth. They hold God in such a high, and majestic place that even to consider such a thought is ridiculous. They can also not believe the fact that God worked for six days and then had to rest on the seventh day. God is all powerful and therefore would not need a day of rest.(Islam and the Others) The Jewish and the Musl im religions could be considered cousins because of Abraham, their common grandfather. Abraham was married to Sarah, but because she was barren Sarah offered Abraham her slave Hagar. Hagar had one child, a boy named Ismail. Sarah grew jealous and forced her husband to ban the two from her house. (The annual Muslim ritual of Hajj honors the pain the mother faced when her food ran out and she was searching for water until the sudden eruption of the well.) Years later Sarah had a son named Isaac, the father of Jacob who became Israel, father of the twelve tribes. From Abraham?s lineage came fourth two religions: Islam through Ismail and Judaism threw Isaac. To the Muslim people Ismail and Isaac are two equally blessed prophets. However to the Jewish people Abraham had only one son, Isaac, because Ismail?s mother was a maid. A major difference between the two religions is their stances on Jesus. The Muslims believe Jesus was a genuine messenger of God, sent to deliver God?s message to t he Jewish people. The Quran says: ?We killed Christ Jesus son of Mary the messenger of God?But they killed him not, nor crucified him...only a likeness of that was shown to them and those who differ therein are full of doubts with no knowledge but only conjecture to follow. For a surety they killed him not: Nay, God raised him up unto Himself, and God is most exalted, wise. This passage also brings up another interesting view of the Islamic faith. By saying that it was not Jesus who was crucified, but rather a likeness of him, the Islamic faith is releasing any responsibility for Jesus death on the Jewish people. The Muslims hold Jesus and Mary in very high regard. Although Jesus is not considered to be the Messiah by the Muslims he is considered to be a very important prophet. Jesus cannot be the Messiah because according to the Quran God cannot be begotten. ?He is Allah the one; Allah, the eternal, absolute; He begets not, nor is he begotten; and